Death of a Salesman the Tragic Anti-Hero of Willy Loman

centerbA Success at Failure: The Tragic Anti-hero of Willy Loman/b/center br brA hundred years from now, it will not matter what type of car I drove, or what kind of house I lived in, or the amount of money I made, yet the world might be changed because I made a positive difference in the life of a child. This increasingly popular statement raises a question for those who might hear it: how does one impact a child s life for the better? A most obvious response would be to simply be a good parent. Yet, with single mothers raising a family alone, good fathers are scarce. What exactly, then, makes a good father? A good father is one who will encourage and motivate his child, yet not force the child to do something that the†¦show more content†¦He has no pride in what he does, although he masks these emotions. In truth, he is so embarrassed that he cannot make a single sale or earn a single dollar that he begins borrowing fifty dollars a week from Charley, and then pretending it is his salary. He lies to his family and to himself. He will not allow himse lf to do what he truly loves to do, carpentry, because he believes that it is more illustrious to be an unsuccessful salesman than be a satisfied carpenter. He therefore fails miserably at the true American Dream, exchanging it for an unachievable fantasy. br brWilly Loman is a failure as a family man, is an anti-hero, and never achieves the American Dream. His life is an example of true downfall, which affects all of those close to him. By living in an illusion, Willy guaranteed that he would be unable to achieve all that he thought he should. As a result, his death is the final confirmation of his failed life, and reiterates everything that is stressed in Miller s play. Truly, success could never be achieved in his life, even if he had made multitudes of sales. By giving up his dreams and true desires, Willy Loman died long before he crashed his car, and that led him to become every bit the failure that he will always be rememberedShow MoreRelatedEssay Death of a Salesman, Tragic Hero. Willy Loman.1503 Words   |  7 PagesTo what extent can Willy Loman be considered a tragic hero according to Aristotle’s rules? Arthur Miller presents his play ‘Death of a Salesman’ in the ancient form of a tragedy. Aristotle has defined his idea of the ‘perfect’ tragedy in his text, ‘Poetics’ (350 BC).Here he suggests that the protagonist must fall from an elevated social standing as a result of a â€Å"fatal flaw† within the character; the fall from the main character creates resolution to the play which is seen as just; finally, AristotleRead More The American Dream Conspiracy in Death of a Salesman Essay1728 Words   |  7 PagesArthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman tells the story of the failure of a salesman, Willy Loman. Although not all Americans are salesmen, most of us share Willy’s dream of success. We are all partners in the American Dream and parties to the conspiracy of silence surrounding the fact that failures must outnumber successes.(Samantaray, 2014) Miller amalgamates the archetypal tragic hero with the mundane American citizen. The result is the anti-hero, Willy Loman. He is a simple salesman who constantlyRead MoreWilly Loman as a Tragic Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman1218 Words   |  5 PagesWilly Loman as a Tragic Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Should Willy Loman of Arthur Millers classic, Death of a Salesman be regarded as a tragic hero, or merely a working-class, socially inadequate failure? Described by Miller as a self-destructive, insecure anti-hero, it seems almost impossible for Loman to be what is known as a tragic hero in the classical sense, but with the inclusion of other factors he maybe a tragic hero, at least in the modernRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller888 Words   |  4 PagesDeath of a Salesman† is a play written by Arthur Miller in the year 1949. The play revolves around a desperate salesman, Willy Loman. Loman is delusioned and most of the things he does make him to appear as a man who is living in his own world away from other people. He is disturbed by the fact that he cannot let go his former self. His wife Linda is sad and lonely; his youngest son Biff is presented as a swinger/player while his eldest son Happy appears anti-business and confused by the behaviorRead MoreTragic Hero1598 Words   |  7 PagesTragic Hero From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A tragic hero is a protagonist with a tragic flaw, also known as fatal flaw, which eventually leads to his demise. The concept of the tragic hero was created in ancient Greek tragedy and defined by Aristotle. Usually, the realization of fatal flaw results in catharsis or epiphany. The tragic flaw is sometimes referred to as an Achilles heel after the single fatal flaw of the Greek warrior Achilles. [citation needed] Aristotelian tragicRead MoreChrist-Like Behavior of Characters in Hamlet1763 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ The first one should be on topic of death/morality (Christ figure of Anti-Christ)-Early on in the play, Hamlet carefully considers the spiritual consequences of his actions. Later in the play, he decidedly takes action. Did his actions ultimately align him with Christ or against Christ? Everyone in this play claims to be a Christian, including Hamlet, Claudius and Gertrude, which is to say that they all put on a show of exercising the forms, prayers and rituals of conventional Christianity evenRead MoreThe Sonnet Form: William Shakespeare6305 Words   |  26 Pageslonger nurseth the disease, Feeding on that which doth preserve the ill, The uncertain sickly appetite to please. My reason, the physician to my love, Angry that his prescriptions are not kept, Hath left me, and I desp’rate now approve Desire is death, which physic did except. Past cure am I, now reason is past care, And frantic mad with evermore unrest, My thoughts and my discourse as madmen’s are, At random from the truth vainly expressed;   Ã‚  Ã‚  For I have sworn thee fair and thought thee bright

The Romney-Ryan campaign presents its advertisement Strong...

The Romney-Ryan campaign presents its advertisement Strong America as an appeal to logos, which is intended to convince its audience by reasoned argument. In conformance with the teachings of Jib Fowles in his â€Å"Advertising’s 15 Basis Appeals†, the political advertisement is, really, though, an appeal to pathos or its audience’s more easily moved passions. If the ad makes any ethos appeals at all, these appeals are co-opted as subtleties or subliminal suggestions within its more overwhelming overt pandering. Strong America was released in wake of the Obama administration’s proposal that draconian cuts be made to the U.S. military budget. The ads arguments are broadly directed at the general electorate and, more, specifically, towards its†¦show more content†¦Army General Tommy Franks, U.S. Navy Admiral Timothy Keating, U.S. Army General Hugh Shelton and U.S. Marine Corp General James Conway. 2 of these officers, who are Generals Frank and Conw ay, are quoted either visually or audibly arguing that Obama’s defense cuts are bad policy that threatens America’s security. First, without some qualification, the ad’s statement that â€Å"America’s military leaders agree† is likely to wrongly cause its audience’s hasty generalization that all military leaders agree with its statement in argument here. Moreover, this argumentative conclusion does not even follow from the support of the just 4 cited officers or is, in other words, non sequitur. The political advertisement here argues that the defense cuts will be devastating to the financial security and welfare of American military personnel and their dependents. The officers state, instead, that the cuts are devastating to the nation’s defense preparedness. Overall, one observes here a scare tactic intended to cause the segment of the ad’s audience, which consists of active duty military and their families, into voting again st Obama without any substantiation of its exaggerated claims of potential harm to them from his policies. The sad thing is that this November 6th election eve scare tactic, discrediting of the Mitt Romney campaign’s intellectual integrity, is likely largely wasted anyway. Most military personnel have already voted much earlier by absentee ballot.

Movie Review Good Verse Evil - 773 Words

As you watch a movie or go to a play the actions of the actors is to bring the audience into the performance. â€Å"In literature, an antagonist is a character or a group of characters which stand in opposition to the protagonist or the main character. The term antagonist comes from Greek word â€Å"antagonistÄ“s† that means opponent, competitor or rival† (Antagonist - Examples and Definition of Antagonist, 2013). Good verse Evil is always a key point to most Marvel or DC comic’s movies of today. Even in real life with rising kids its good parent verse bad parent? My kids don’t want mom calling me saying that they are behaving bad, â€Å"A protagonist is the central character or leading figure in poetry, narrative, novel or any other story. A protagonist is sometimes called a â€Å"hero† by the audience or readers† (Protagonist - Examples and Definition of Protagonist, 2013). The twists of Superman or Batman movies have been remade over time with the same principal of having hero ending. â€Å"Ever see someone talking to himself while on a stage? That s what you call a soliloquy — a character s speech voicing his or her own thoughts as if to himself† (Soliloquy - Dictionary Definition, n.d.). The soliloquy differs from a monologue is the thoughts of the read is in character mode but isn’t telling the audience his or her thoughts. Monologue is more than speaking out loud to audience; it’s the speech or verbal presentation that a single character presents in order to express his/her collection ofShow MoreRelatedBeowulf Movie Review2365 Words   |  10 PagesIn Partial Fulfillment of Requirements In English MOVIE REVIEW Of BEOWULF Merry Anjela M. Mendoza September 16, 2011 Ms. Maria Dolores Fiao-ag Introduction Beowulf is an epic from England. It is a story of a brave man who killed many monsters and died defending from a dragon. It is also a great story of adventure. From an old English poem, it became a 3D movie with the faces of real actors and actresses. Although there has a difference from the original poem, it still showed great and itRead MoreThe Convention of a Thriller Film Essay1737 Words   |  7 Pagesas evil is traditionally associated with darkness. There are three main periods in the build up 2 the modern thrillers. The first is wartime, 1941-46, where studio sets were rigid and not very realistic. The second period is post was realistic, where sets started to move to real locations. The 1950s and 60s saw a boom in film Noir and modern day thrillers are more associated with psychotic action and suicidal impulse. On a more analytical level, the evil actRead MoreLdr Philosophies Last Castle Essay1857 Words   |  8 PagesRoman, Font 12; however the information retrieved from Organizational Behavior resources will be italicized, as well as my added comments) The Last Castle was packed full of leaders; bad, good, and great according to the numerous leadership philosophies, themes, and strategies that I will identify. The movie begins with Lieutenant General (3-Star) Irwin coming off the bus in his dress green uniform, while in handcuffs. He has the entire prison (staff, soldiers, and prisoners) watching him beingRead MoreInterview with the Vampire Paper3909 Words   |  16 Pagesmovies over the years, long before they became the popular pop-culture genre they have become due to the success of The Twilight Saga films. One movie I have enjoyed viewing many times since its debut in 1994 is Interview with the Vampire. This film is an adaptation of the book Interview with the Vampire written by Anne Rice in 1973 and published in 1976. The movie was directed by Neil Jordan who also co-wrote the script with Anne Rice. Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles is the story ofRead MoreEssay about The Life and Literary Works of Shirley Jackson4264 Words   |  18 Pages Her surroundings were comfortable and friendly. Two years after Shirley was born, her family with her newborn brother moved from San Francisco to Burlingame, California, about thirty miles away. According to her mother, Shirley began to compose verse almost as soon as she could write it (Friedman, 18). As a child, Shirley was interested in sports and literature. In 1930, a year before she attended Burlingame High School, Shirley began writing poetry and short stories. Jackson enrolled in the liberalRead MoreWhy Students Learn Best By Having Someone Or Something?2617 Words   |  11 Pagesthe human conscience, that certain â€Å"something† within us that tells us the world should be a certain way. It tells us when something is right and wrong. Our conscience convinces us there is something wrong with suffering, star vation, rape, pain, and evil, and it makes us aware that love, generosity, compassion, and peace are positive things for which we should strive (Dunn, 2005). Secondly, to know truth is through science. Science is simply the pursuit of knowledge, the study of what we know andRead More Research on The Anime Invasion Essay4419 Words   |  18 Pages Silence of the Lamb b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Perfect Blue E.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thesis Statement II. Graphic violence in anime A. Violence against women 1. Women raped and brutalized: weaker sex 2. Male/female Guyver comparisons B. X 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Explanation/plot 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Good v. evil themes C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Violence in Princess Mononoke III. Gender issues in anime A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Women subservient to men 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hiding â€Å"special† abilities 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Magical girls a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Video Girl Ai b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Urusei Yatsura c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tenchi Muyo d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AhRead MoreRole of Media in Pakistan5662 Words   |  23 PagesPakistan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 05 Western Media and need for local Media†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 06 Miracles of Electronic Media†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12 07 Positive Negative effects of media in different aspects of life†¦ 13 08 Challenges to Media†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 18 09 The Government verses Media†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 19 10 Sensationalism in the Media†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 20 11 Causes of Controlled Media†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 21 12 Suggestions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 22 13 What should be the Role of Media in Pakistan?............................ 25 14 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦27Read MoreEminem4792 Words   |  20 Pageshis daughter.[12][13] After this album he received much attention and mixed reviews in the hip-hop underground scene, due to his distinctive style and the fact that he was white in a predominantly black genre. Mathers had done a notable amount of rapping with fellow Detroit MC Royce da 59 early in his career. They referred to themselves as Bad Meets Evil, with Eminem playing The Bad and Royce playing The Evil. Royce da 59 and Eminem were once considered to be two of the greatest undergroundRead MorePoems with Theme with Life and Death and Their Analysis8446 Words   |  34 Pages When poets speak the truth to the best of their ability, they are trying to enlighten, teach, warn, or advise—sometimes all four at once. Examples abound—from the ancient world to the present—of poems that undertake these goals. Literature Review / Background: One important thing is that as readers get more and more involved with literary study they want to know about the life and personalities of the authors they read. Biographical and, autobiographical explorations

The land Essay Example For Students

The land Essay In the recent presentations we have watched, a common subject that was dealt with was the land of each region. The purpose for this varied throughout each presentation. Some groups used this to foreshadow their literature and others used this to give a historical summary for the issues they discussed. That fact that this happened helps support June Callwoods statement, which says that what unites Canadian is infinitely more compelling than any visible differences.It shows that the attachment and love that Canadians have for their land is what unites them, despite the differences that appear to divide them. Most Canadian believes that the region they live in is the most beautiful place to live. People growing up in the Rocky Mountains may come to the prairies and find them boring and repetitive. But a person living in the prairies may feel that the ability to see forever is the most beautiful aspect of that region. In the poem The Souris Sings by Katherine Buckaway, the author talks about the beauty of the prairies. She changes the stereotype of the prairies being plain and boring by describing the green rolling hills and the diverse wildlife. It shows the pride each Canadian has in their land. Not all Canadians necessarily believe that the region the were born in is the most beautiful. Some people may have a much stronger attachment to a region that is less familiar to them. Robert Service talks of this feeling in his poem The Spell of the Yukon. The poem describes the life of a gold digger in the Yukon who at first is overwhelmed by the power and isolation of the North. Yet, as the poem continues, the characters experiences bring him closer to the land. This is true for all regions. The land is what gives an individual experiences that shape their lives. People who spend much of their life living in a single region are greatly influenced by their surroundings. As a child a person will experience things that are common in that region. Growing up in these specific surroundings will allow the person to feel more comfortable there. Rita MacNeil, who grew up in the Maritimes, has many songs which talk about her home. In her song, Home Ill Be, she sings about how beautiful her home town is and that she will always return. This connection a person develops to the land continues on for the rest of a their life. Even though each region in Canada has its differences in culture, economics, and politics, Canadians will alway share a common love for their land. According to Elizabeth Brewster, people are made of places, and each place brings varying experiences which shape a persons life. In return people love the land for giving them these opportunities and this is what unities them in the end.

Auditing and Professional Practice Planning Implies

Question: Describe about the Auditing and Professional Practice for Planning Implies. Answer: Case Study 1(a) Audit planning implies preparing a road map to achieve the audit objectives. The auditor needs to plan for the resources needed for auditing, timing of verification and extent of verification of the financial statements. As per auditing standard 2101, Audit Planning, while planning an audit, the auditor should take into account all the facts and circumstances giving rise to suspicion or reflecting risky situations (PCAOB, 2016). In regard to the current case of City Ltd, the main audit planning issues are identified as under: The business risk is very high as is reflected from the fact that commercial property sector is on downturn due to governmental regulations in the city. Further, the company has not been able to secure any buyer for the projects under process, which gives rise to significant doubt on the companys ability to continue its business (PCAOB, 2016). The business of company is in critical condition and thus, there exists a possibility of manipulations in the books of accounts. The circumstances of the case also warrant that the auditor evaluates legitimacy of the managements use of going concern assumption in preparation of the financial statements (PCAOB, 2016). Case Study 1(b) In the current case of Web Ltd, installation of the new computer software adds to the IT capabilities of the company and requires following audit planning considerations: The auditor needs to take into account the change in the information system of the company occurred due to installation of the new computer software. The internal processes of accounting system would have also got changed due to new information system being installed, thus, auditor should consider a thorough evaluation of the internal control system of the company (Omoteso, 2016). Highly customized computer software also gives rise to the risk of manipulations in the financial statements, thus, the auditor should make a fresh evaluation of the risk of material misstatement (Omoteso, 2016). Case Study 1(c) In this case of Beauty Pty Ltd, the event requiring attention of the auditor while planning the audit is the establishment of a foreign branch. The following audit planning considerations are required: Firstly, the auditor is required to assess the materiality of the foreign operations in the context of overall audit of Beauty Pty Ltd. Second, the auditor should consider employing serious checks on the internal control system in respect of inventory because the inventory is transferred from domestic unit (Pickett, 2006). The auditor should plan the resources needed to verify the book records and assets kept at the foreign branch, if foreign branch is considered material in the context of overall audit. Further, the auditor should take into consideration while planning, the aspects of financial reporting relating to consolidation of the foreign branch operations with the domestic operations in the book records (Pickett, 2006). Case Study 2(a) The test of controls is employed to assess the adequacy of the internal control system while the substantive test is performed to collect persuasive audit evidence. In this regard, following are the general issues encountered in deciding the use of test of control or substantive test: The objective of auditor is the main issue. If the auditor wants assurance in regard to the adequacy of the internal control system, the test of controls will be suitable to employ. However, if the auditor wants corroborative evidences to confirm an amount disclosed in the financial statements, the substantive testing would be more appropriate (Delaney Whittington, 2010). Further, the assessment of risk at the initial level also affects the choice between test of controls and sustentative testing. Case Study 2(b) The inherent and control risk relates to the risk of inadequacies in the internal control system of the entity while the detection risk relates to the auditors verification. The auditor makes initial assessment of the inherent and control risk and based on this assessment, the extent of verification (substantive testing) is determined. At the initial level, if the auditor assesses the inherent and control risk as high, the extent of substantive testing is enhanced to reduce the detection risk. The detection risk is reduced if the auditor collects sufficient audit evidences by performing substantive testing. Thus, in this way the assessment of risk (inherent and control) is related to the choice of audit approach (Delaney Whittington, 2010). Case Study 2(c) In respect of accuracy and completeness of depreciation expense, the inherent and control risk is assessed as low. Further, the auditor plans to employ tests of controls in a stringent way to keep the inherent and control risk low as assessed with few substantive procedures at the yearend (Gray Manson, 2007). In regard to accuracy of the depreciation expense, following audit procedures are preferred: Check the accounting system and level of automation. Check the education level and skills of the staff responsible to process the accounting records. Perform recalculations on test check basis. Further, in regard to completeness assertion of the depreciation expense, following audit procedures are suggested: Perform test of control on the authorization of the purchase and sale of the fixed assets. Tests check the physical available assets with the book records. Case Study 3 The accounting information is communicated through the financial statements to the investors and other stakeholders. These financial statements are prepared by the management of the entity and are thus required to be authenticated by a third party to generate faith among the users (Kaklar, Kangarlouie, Motavassel, 2012). The process of verification and authentication of the financial statements is called auditing. Precisely, auditing is an examination conducted by an independent third party of the information conveyed by the entity through its financial statements. The information given in the financial statements is not only useful for the investors, but it also matters for the government and banks and financial institutions, which have lent money to the entity. The government requires information as regards profits earned by the entity so that tax could be levied appropriately. The lenders require information that assists them to take decision as regards lending to the entity. Since, the financial statements are prepared by the management of the entity and the investors do not take part in day to day management of the business affairs, thus, it is possible that information in the financial statements might have been manipulated for personal gains. In order to curve out these practices, the auditing of the financial statements has been made compulsory by the regulators all around the world (Kaklar, Kangarlouie, Motavassel, 2012). References Delaney, P.R. Whittington, O.R. (2010). Wiley CPA Exam Review 2011, Auditing and Attestation. John Wiley Sons. Gray, I. Manson, S. (2007). The Audit Process: Principles, Practice and Cases. Cengage Learning EMEA. Kaklar, H.M., Kangarlouie, S.J., Motavassel, M. (2012). Audit Quality and Financial Reporting Quality: Case of Tehran Stock Exchange (Tse). Innovative Journal of Business and Management, 1(3), pp. 43-47. Omoteso, K. (2016). Audit Effectiveness: Meeting the IT Challenge. Routledge. PCAOB. (2016). AS2101: Audit Planning. Retrieved November, 27, 2016, from https://pcaobus.org/Standards/Auditing/Pages/AS2101.aspx [Accessed on: 27 November 2016]. Pickett, K.H.S. (2006). Audit Planning: A Risk-Based Approach. John Wiley Sons.

Direct marketing Essay Example

Direct marketing Essay Direct marketing has a long history. It was emerged in the 15th century when an Italian printer was using direct marketing to sell books. McGraw Hill did a research amongst retailers to find out why people lose customers: (1) 4% of customers were lost because some customers died and others moved away to other places. (2) 5% were lost because of other company friendships. (3) 9% were lost to competition. (4) 15% were lost because of indifference, no contact, taking the customer for granted etc. The foundation of direct marketing is based on understanding this insight into why people lost customers. Because direct marketing is a way of marketing. It is oriented towards finding getting, keeping and developing customers one-to-one. Direct marketing is an attempt to approach the customers directly. It a personal approach to customers. It is much more personal than mass advertising and so it can be a key part of the development of relationships with customers. Direct marketing is the use of direct media to reach a target audience. We will write a custom essay sample on Direct marketing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Direct marketing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Direct marketing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Meaning of Direct Marketing Direct marketing consists of direct communications with carefully targeted individual consumers to obtain an immediate response. It is the use of telephone and non-personal media to communicate product and organizational information to customers who then can purchase products by mail, E-mail or telephone. Direct marketing can be defined as any mode of initiating and closing sale by using one-to-one but not face-to-face communication. Dray Bird, Vice Chairman, O M Direct World wide, defines marketing as, Any activity whereby you reach your prospect they respond to you directly. In the words of Dick Shaver, Direct marketing is like opening a store in print and managing it. Most people tend to equate direct marketing with direct mail. It is as ridiculous as saying advertising is equal to a newspaper. On the contrary,, direct mail is just a part of direct marketing; only a means to the end. FORMS OF DIRECT MARKETING The major forms of direct marketing are catalogue marketing, direct response marketing, home shopping, Kiosk marketing, telemarketing and online marketing. Catalogue marketing: In this, an organization provides a catalogue from which customers make selections and place orders by mail or telephone. Catalogue marketing began in 1872, when Montgomery Ward in USA issued its first catalogue to rural families. Today were are over 7000 catalogue marketing companies in USA. The advantages of catalogue retailing include efficiency and convenience for customers. The retailers can benefit by locating in remoting, low cost areas, saving on expensive store fixtures, and reduce personal selling expenses as well as store operating expenses. However, catalogue retailing is inflexible, provides limited service and is effective only for selected set of products. Direct response marketing: This occurs when a retailer advertises a product and makes it available through mail or telephone orders. Generally a buyer uses a credit card, but other forms of payment are acceptable. Examples of direct response marketing include a television commercial offering a recording artists musical collections available through a toll-free number, a newspaper or magazine advertisement for a series of childrens books available by filling out the forms in the advertisement or calling a toll-free number etc. Direct response marketing can also be achieved by sending letters, samples, brochures or book lets to prospects on mailing list and asking that they order the advertised products by mail or telephone. Television marketing: This was developed with the advent of cable T.V. TV viewers tuning into a cable shopping channel see a show where products are demonstrated by a host. Consumers can call the host while the show is on the air to ask questions about the product or purchase it. TV home shopping offers several benefits. Products can be easily demonstrated an viewers are well informed. Moreover, the customers can shop at their convenience from the comfort of their own homes. Kiosk Marketing: These are information and ordering machine placed in stores, airports and other location. These machines provide information about products and customers can order any product or item he or she likes through it. These machines provide customers with a quick way to determine the size, color, and style of products to fit their personal preferences. And other feature of this machine is that customers can choose, a harmful and printout photos, prices, features and location on the stores lot. Car Max, the used-car superstore in USA uses a kiosk with a touch-screen computer to give customers through the vast inventory of as many as 1000 cars and trucks. Thus kiosk is different from vending machines, which dispense actual products. Telemarketing This is a non-store retailing concern. This is also known as telephone retailing. As the same suggests telemarketing means sale of goods and service by telephone. This is the performance of marketing related activities by telephone. It involves both data base management and personal selling. Advances in telephone technology are partly responsible for the development of telemarketing. With low-cost wats line and computer dialing systems, firms can economically deliver their sales message to a large from investment services to computer systems. The head of direct marketing and Sales Promotion (UK), Phil Mounsey says, Telemarketing is to achieve business objectives in sales, customer care, market growth, promotions, market research, database building and cash flow management. A well-known example where telemarketing has been the major contributor to a companys success has been Fast Direct (UK), which provides a complete, backing system without a single branch. We can see that 80% of the UK top companies today include telemarketing in their customer communication mix. Telemarketing is the fastest growing form of direct marketing in UK, increasing in value by 20% a year. In UK 90% of all press advertisements aimed at generating a response now carry a telephone number. Mail order companies in UK have found that almost 90% of their business is now carried out over the telephone, sending in orders by post or mail has declined dramatically. Customers have found that the use of the telephone benefits them by speeding up the process of receiving goods from the mail order company. Types of Telemarketing: Telemarketing can be broken down into two classes 1. Outbound Telemarketing: Outbound Telemarketing occurs when companies place cold calls to potential customers that have not requested a sales call. 2. Inbound Telemarketing: This establishes phone line for customers to call in to place orders. Outbound telemarketing can generate a lot of criticisms because it interrupts family or business activities and can even pose a threat to safety by trying up a phone line needed in an emergency. If we have been bothered during dinner or roused from a deep sleep just to answer the phone and listen to someones sales pitch. We understand the criticism. Advantages of telemarketing 1. The marketer can reach a great number of customers. 2. Some times telemarketing is used by it self; in other selling methods. 3. It saves customers time. Advantages of Direct Marketing (Importance) Direct marketing is considered to be the most useful weapon to retain customers and add new ones. It is estimated that a 2% increase in customer retention could be the equivalent of a 10% reduction in manufacturing costs. This can be achieved through direct marketing. It is one-to-one marketing that is profitable for the customer and makes business sense for the marketer. In the initial years, it was the service sector, which relied on this medium to reach the target consumer. Companies such as Citi bank, ITCs hotel and cigarette divisions found direct marketing ideal to build a consumer base. Ogilvy One Worldwide is the pioneer in the direct marketing concept in India. Several companies cut their advertising budget and increase the direct marketing budget. This is so because it offers a number of advantages. Benefits to Customers 1. Convenience:- What most attracts consumers to the direct marketing is convenience. 2. Saving in time:- Direct marketing saves time shopping at home, especially busy times as Onam, X-Mas provides undeniable attraction. 3. Choice:- It introduces customers a large selection of products. They can do comparative shopping by browsing through mail catalogues and online shopping services, then order products for themselves or others. 4. Product information:- Industrial customers can learn about available products and services without waiting for and tying up time with sales force. Benefits to Sellers 1. Reduction in operating costs: Sales person need not be hired, trained or paid. Often businesses may be located in rural areas or unattractive industrial parks. 2. Consumer relationship: Direct marketers can buy mailing lists containing names of almost any group (millionaires, new parents, college students etc). They can then personalize an customize their messages. 3. Customer relationship: The real advantage of direct marketing comes form its interactive nature; it asks for a response. This enables to build an ongoing relationship with each customer. It helps retain old customers, which is cheaper than finding new ones. It can turn the consumer into a brand advocate. 4. Privacy: Direct marketing provides privacy. The offers and strategies of direct marketers are less visible to competitors. 5. Evaluation of media and messages: Direct marketing permits easy testing of alternative media and messages. Johnson ; Johnson is one of the most dynamic users of direct marketing. Avon cosmetics, Eureka Forbes etc, also use direct marketing successfully. Cypla, the Mumbai based Pharmaceutical company uses a well sorted database of doctors to reach them directly though express packages. One of the most well known case studies of successful direct marketing is Readers Digest. This magazine depends almost completely on direct marketing to not only increase its subscription base but also retain its franchise. Automatic Vending It is the use of machine to dispense products selected by consumers when money is inserted. Automatic vending machine sell products automatically. Vending machine permits the buyer to choose the products directly by paying the money to the machine. This means that the vending machines are the coin-operated, self-service machines. Products sold through vending machines include soft drinks edible oil, tea, coffee, cigarettes, newspaper, milk, platform tickets, chocolates, T-shirts etc. When a coin is inserted in a newspaper-selling machine, the required newspaper comes out of the machine. There is a separate vending machine for each type of product. Salesmen are not required. Automatic vending is also called automatic merchandising or robot selling Automatic vending is one of the most impersonal forms of retailing Machine vending is becoming popular particularly in advanced countries of the world. In Japan a wide variety of products are sold through vending machines. In USA according to the estimates of the National Automatic Merchandising Association, sales through automatic machines rose form $4.5 billion in 1967 to $ 6 billion in 1972 and $ 16.5 billion in 1984. In USA there are some 8000-machine operators operating more than 1, million machines. There is a vending machine for about every 40 people in USA. In UK there are over a hundred operators having sale of 20 million pound per year. In India machine vending it catching up. Vending machines are placed in railway stations, in exhibitions and on other special occasions. Vending machines are widely used to sell tea, coffee, ice creams, milk etc. generally low priced goods are sold through vending machines. Now Horlicks and Boost are available from vending machines. Price is Rs. 5 per 100 M L cup. Advantages of Automatic Vending 1. It involves little running cost. So it is economical. 2. It is very convenient for customers. It is found in a variety of handy locations such as college dormitories. It is open 24 hours a day. 3. It can be located even on the top of a hill where it is not feasible to setup any store. 4. it is great use in-plant feeding. It provides access to factories or offices where for strategic or other reasons the establishment of a manned store is not permissible. It is said that automatic machines at the General Electric Companys Cafeteria in Massachusetts satisfactorily provide snacks and meals to its 13500 employees. 5. It eliminates the use of sales people. These require small space for their installation. 6. The machine doesnt get tired but provides faithful services round the clock. 7. The machine is best suited for selling small sized products, having low unit value and low margin of profit, which it is inconvenient and expensive to sell through regular stores. 8. The chances of pilferage are much less. It can be used as a supplementary outlet by locating it in busy store. Disadvantages of Automatic Vending 1. Separate vending machines are required for each product. The machines are costly. Hence huge capital investment is needed. 2. The product should be standardized. 3. The machine requires feeding from time to time. 4. They dont take back the products once sold. 5. The maintenance cost of the machine in higher. 6. Many varieties of products such as cloth materials, bulky machines, books of the choice and the like are unsuitable for automatic vending 7. There is no scope for bargaining. 8. The machine may stop running due to mechanical faults and cause nuisance to customers. 9. The customer has to procure the specific type of coin for inserting into the machine. This mant be always be convenient. Database Marketing This is a form of one-on-one marketing. It is the process of building, maintaining and using customer database for the purpose of contacting, and transacting with customers. A customer database is an organized collection of comprehensive date about individual customers or prospects, including geographic, demographic, psychographics and behavioral data. The database can be used to locate good potential customers, tailor products and services to the special needs of targeted consumers and maintain long term customer relationship. Meaning of Online Marketing Online marketing is a part of e-commerce. Online marketing is conducted through interactive online computer systems, which link consumers with sellers electronically. It makes products available between buyers and sellers through computer connections. Many retailers are setting up home page on the Internets World Wide Web to disseminate information about their companies and products. There are two types of online marketing channels commercial online services and the Internet, Commercial online service offer online information and marketing services to subscribers who pay a monthly fee. When two or more computers or other devices are connected together so as to enable them to communicate with one another, they form a network. The largest network used for computers in the world is Internet. The Internet is a worldwide collection of computer networks. The Power of Internet as the global access tool was realized with the arrival of World Wide Web. Web is a recent addition to the Internet. Meaning of Internet Marketing/Cyber Marketing (or E-Commerce) Internet marketing or electronic commerce simply refers to buying and selling goods or services through the Internet. In simple terms, e-commerce is a process of two or more parties making business transactions through computer and some type of network. It is the actual buying and selling of goods and services electronically online. Swass defines e-commerce as the sharing of business information, maintaining business relationships and conducting business transactions by means of telecommunication network. Applegate L.M, view that e-commerce is more than simply buying and selling goods electronically. It involves using network communications technology to engage range of activities up and down the value-added chain, both within and outside the organization.

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